Scope and Content:
This collection primarily contains material related to the integration of the Norfolk public schools. The papers include correspondence, court cases, school board resolutions, inter-district memorandum, press releases, reports, news clippings and district maps. Subjects covered are the 1958 school closing to prevent integration, integration progress in the 1960s, busing to achieve integration in the 1970s and the end of busing in the mid-1980s. Among the most important historical materials is correspondence between Governor Lindsay Almond and the School Administration, beginning with the letter ordering the closing of six Norfolk schools as mandated by the "Massive Resistance" law. While most of the collection deals with desegregation, it also includes school directories and calendars before and after desegregation. Parts of the collection have been scanned and are available in the <a href="https://olddomuni.access.preservica.com/uncategorized/SO_80f31496-d0c0-40e8-9c9c-024a1e1a2903/">Old Dominion University Libraries Digital Collections.</a>
Conditions Governing Access:
Open to researchers without restrictions.
Conditions Governing Use:
Before publishing quotations or excerpts from any materials, permission must be obtained from Special Collections and University Archives, and the holder of the copyright, if not Old Dominion University Libraries.
Biographical or Historical Information:
Norfolk, Virginia has twice found itself at the center of attention related to the racial desegregation of its schools. The first was in the late 1950s during a state-wide, governor-led resistance to the integration mandated by the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS ruling. Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. closed the schools scheduled to be integrated for five months until the courts intervened. The second was in 1986 when Norfolk became the first school district in the country to have a federal judicial ruling allowing them to end busing for the purpose of achieving racial balance in schools. On September 19, 1958, U.S. District Judge Walter Hoffman issued an order in continuation of Leola Pearl Beckett v. The School Board of the City of Norfolk which said that Norfolk must immediately begin to integrate its schools. On September 27, 1958, the Norfolk School Board placed 17 African American children into previously all white schools in compliance with the judge's order. Earlier in 1958, the Virginia legislature had granted permission to Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. to close any white school that had "negroes" which tried to enroll. On September 27, the same day the children were to start at school, the Governor closed the six affected schools in Norfolk and took them under his control. In all, this impacted more than 10,000 white students and the 17 African American students (the Norfolk 17). In the months that followed, students found avenues to education through private schools, relocation, but mostly through highly organized tutoring groups. In February of 1959, the schools reopened with fewer students-by one estimate almost 2500 fewer.
Title:
Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection
Date (beginning and ending):
circa 1922-2008, undated
Arrangement:
The collection is organized into five series: Series I: Closing of the Norfolk City Schools; Series II: The Path to a Unitary School District; Series III: Norfolk as a Unitary School District; Series IV: Directories and Calendars; and Series V: Oversized Documents.
Preferred Citation:
[Identification of item], Box [insert number], Folder [insert number and title], Norfolk Public Schools Desegregation Collection, Special Collections and University Archives, Old Dominion University Libraries.
Agent Name:
Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)
Agent Name:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Agent Name:
Norfolk Public Schools (Norfolk, Va.)
Subject:
African Americans--Civil rights
Subject:
School integration--Massive resistance movement
Subject:
School integration--Virginia--Norfolk--History--20th century
Subject:
Segregation in education--Virginia--Norfolk
Subject:
Race relations--History--20th century
Subject:
African Americans--Segregation
Subject:
African Americans--Education--Virginia--Norfolk
Subject:
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
Subject:
Public schools--Virginia--Norfolk
Subject:
School closings--Virginia--Norfolk
Subject:
Busing for school integration--Virginia--Norfolk
Subject:
Norfolk (Va.)--History--20th century
Subject:
Norfolk (Va.)--Politics and government--20th century
